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The Berlin Wall: The History, Construction, Rise and Fall of Germany’s “Iron Curtain”

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On August 13, 1961, construction of the Berlin Wall began. On this day 61 years ago, construction began on the 160-kilometer-long wall separating West and East Berlin. The Berlin Wall was built on the border between Allied-controlled West Berlin and Soviet-controlled East Berlin. It was built on the orders of then-Soviet Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev, who succeeded Joseph Stalin immediately after his death in 1953.

While the Berlin Wall was originally made of barbed wire and concrete, in the years that followed it was reinforced to strengthen the structure and make it more difficult for people to pass through without noticing. Remarkably, in August 1961, the 160-kilometer-long wall with a maximum height of 12 feet was completed in less than 15 days. The wall effectively enveloped West Berlin, isolating the Great Union, which included the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union. A Cold War began between the Allies and Russia.

The construction of the city walls meant that ordinary citizens were barred from entering the city, even for trade, leisure or even to meet friends and family. Only diplomats and personnel with special documents and permits can enter either side. The wall was heavily guarded for nearly 28 years before the collapse of the Soviet Union began, which led to a greater democratization of society in the region.

The Yalta Conference and the Turnaround of World War II

[1945年,随着美军的进入,德国军队开始表现出疲软,在黑海附近的雅尔塔召开了一次会议。同盟国随后决定,一旦德国无条件投降,将分为四个区域,以阻止未来再次统一崛起。在四个区域中,美国、英国和法国获得了三个,而东部阵营则被划分给苏联。

随着雅尔塔会议的成功和第二次世界大战的结束,德国按照约瑟夫斯大林的建议被分裂,柏林在他的指挥下很容易沦陷。 然而,尽管条约和柏林落入俄罗斯的控制之下,美国、法国和英国仍占领了该市的西部。 苏联人对盟军不满,决定封锁这座城市。 同盟国随后开始向东部前线的数百万人空运补给品,这鼓励了更多人离开东柏林,越过西部的营地。

这导致大量技能高超的专业年轻人离开家园,前往西柏林寻求更好的工作和更好的生活。 西柏林提供了更好的机会和生活质量,因为它由资本主义国家经营,而东方则处于苏联共产主义之下。 不想统治一座空城的苏联人担心,如果人们大量离开,会对共产主义和苏联造成不良宣传。 因此,尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫下令修建一堵墙,将城市的两侧分隔开来。 它将东柏林与西方分开。 许多工人从俄罗斯远道而来建造这堵墙,据报道于 1961 年 8 月在两周内完成。

柏林墙为何被拆除?

据报道,围墙存在的28年里,有5000多人成功逃脱,100多人在试图离开时丧生。 有严格的命令要守卫城墙,并在视线范围内射杀入侵者。 1980 年代,正值冷战高峰期,苏联正面临巨大的经济挑战,无法控制如此庞大的帝国,同时与美国在太空、军备和技术竞赛中展开竞争。
苏联及其占领的国家的经济停滞不前。 此外,等级制政府结构和问题过于地方化,无法做出任何积极的中央变革。 俄罗斯领导人米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫随后试图通过实施额外的改革来拯救苏联。 然而,到那时,共产主义和苏联对东欧的控制越来越弱。

随着这些事态的发展,东柏林的共产党政府宣布,他们将在 1989 年 11 月 9 日午夜允许从东柏林到西柏林的自由通行。有即兴的庆祝活动,一场全市范围的派对开始了。 ,这是“铁幕”的象征性表现,成千上万的德国人用锤子和凿子聚集并爬上墙壁,将其拆除。 同一天晚上,柏林与该国其他地区重新统一,并被加冕为统一德国的首都。

柏林墙还存在吗?

柏林墙的一部分今天仍然存在于柏林,在恐怖地形博物馆、柏林墙纪念馆和东区画廊展出。 墙壁的某些部分也在世界各地的博物馆中展出。



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